CS 223 Assignmet #4

1. The major difference between deadlock, starvation and race is that in deadlock, the problem occurs when the jobs are processed. Starvation, however is the allocation of resource that prevents one job to be executed. Race occurs before the process has been started.2.
Deadlock: When two basketball player are about to shoot in one basket in a practice game.
Starvation: When a person siutoring a girl while the girl has a boyfriend already.
Race: When two guys have the same girlfriend.
3. Four necessary condition needed for the deadlock from exercise #2:
if the product is only one.
if the two person needed that one product urgently.
if there's other alternative products available.
if the two person are brand concious and the product happen to be what they like.
4.

5. figure 5.16 shows a tunnel going trough a mountain and two streets parallel to each other- one at each intrance/exit of the tunnel. Traffic light are located at each end of the tunnel to control the crossflow of tghe traffic through each intersection.
a. Deadlock will not happen because there are two traffic lights that control the traffic.The deadlock may when some of the motorist dont follow the traffic light because there's only one bridge to drive through.
b. Deadlock can be detected when there will be a huge bumper to bumper to the traffic and there will be accident that will happen.
c. The solution to prevent deadlock is that, the traffic lights should be accurate and motorist should follow it. In order to have a nice driving through the bridge.
6. Based on figure 5.17 answer the following question.
a. Is this system deadlock?
-this is an deadlock because P2 still requesting or waitng for R1 that has already been allocated.
b. Are there any block process?
- yes because the resources that needed by P2 was allocated already by P1.
c.

Assignment page 104

a.What is the cause of thrashing?
Thrashing is caused by under allocation of the minimum number of pages required by a process, forcing it to continuously page fault.
b:How does the operating system detect thrashing?
The system can detect thrashing by evaluating the level of CPU utilization as compared to the level of multiprogramming.
c:Once thrashing is detcted, what can the operating system do to iliminate it?
It can be eliminated by reducing the level of multiprogramming.

CS 221 assignment 3

1. Explain the following.

a.Multiprogramming. Why is it used?

Multiprogramming is a rudimentary form of parallel processing in which several programs are run at the same time on a uniprocessor. Since there is only one processor, there can be no true simultaneous execution of different programs. Instead, the operating system executes part of one program, then part of another, and so on. To the user it appears that all programs are executing at the same time.

whatis.com

b. Internal fragmentation. How does it occur?

Internal fragmentation occurs when storage is allocated without ever intending to use it. This space is wasted. While this seems foolish, it is often accepted in return for increased efficiency or simplicity. The term "internal" refers to the fact that the unusable storage is inside the allocated region but is not being used.

For example, in many file systems, files always start at the beginning of a sector, because this simplifies organization and makes it easier to grow files. Any space left over between the last byte of the file and the first byte of the next sector is internal fragmentation. Similarly, a program which allocates a single byte of data is often allocated many additional bytes for metadata and alignment. This extra space is also internal fragmentation.
Another common example: English text is often stored with one character in each 8-bit byte even though in standard ASCII encoding the most significant bit of each byte is always zero. The "wasted" bits are internal fragmentation.

Similar problems with leaving reserved resources unused appear in many other areas. For example, IP addresses can only be reserved in blocks of certain sizes, resulting in many IPs that are reserved but not actively used. This is contributing to the IPv4 address shortage.
Unlike other types of fragmentation, internal fragmentation is difficult to reclaim; usually the best way to remove it is with a design change. For example, in dynamic memory allocation, memory pools drastically cut internal fragmentation by spreading the space overhead over a larger number of objects. wikipedia

c. External fragmentation. How does it occur?

External fragmentation is the phenomenon in which free storage becomes divided into many small pieces over time. It is a weakness of certain storage allocation algorithms, occurring when an application allocates and deallocates ("frees") regions of storage of varying sizes, and the allocation algorithm responds by leaving the allocated and deallocated regions interspersed. The result is that, although free storage is available, it is effectively unusable because it is divided into pieces that are too small to satisfy the demands of the application. The term "external" refers to the fact that the unusable storage is outside the allocated regions.

For example, in dynamic memory allocation, a block of 1000 bytes might be requested, but the largest contiguous block of free space, or memory hole, has only 300 bytes. Even if there are ten blocks of 300 bytes of free space, separated by allocated regions, one still cannot allocate the requested block of 1000 bytes, and the allocation request will fail.

External fragmentation also occurs in file systems as many files of different sizes are created, change size, and are deleted. The effect is even worse if a file which is divided into many small pieces is deleted, because this leaves similarly small regions of free space.
wikipedia

d. Compaction. why is it needed?

referred as garbage collectoin or defragmentation performed by operationg system to reclaim fragmented section of the memory space.

e. Relocation. how often should it be performed?

- the process of moving a program from one area of memory to onother or the process of adjusting address reference in aprogram by either software or hardwrae means.

menmory manager relocates program to gather toegether all of the empty blocks and compact them to make one block of memory large enough to accomudate some or all of the jobs waiting to get in.

2.Discribe the major disadvantage for each of the four memory allocation.

The disadvantage of this memory allocation its an overhead process, so that while compaction is being done everything else must wait.

3. Discribe the major disadvantage for each of the four memory allocation.

They could be divided into segments of variable sizes of equal size. Each page, or segment, could be stored wherever there was an empty block best enough to hold it

Operating System

Windows virtual memory

The hardware provides for programs to operate in terms of as much as they wish of this full 4GB space as Virtual Memory, those parts of the program and data which are currently active being loaded into Physical Random Access Memory (RAM). The processor itself then translates (‘maps’) the virtual addresses from an instruction into the correct physical equivalents, doing this on the fly as the instruction is executed. The processor manages the mapping in terms of pages of 4 Kilobytes each - a size that has implications for managing virtual memory by the system.

UNIX Virtual memory

"Virtual memory is memory that appears to be allocated to application programs. The operating system uses a portion of the hard disk as virtual memory, and swaps data between the hard disk and physical memory. Virtual memory enables multitasking. If your computer needs to run several programs simultaneously, and the memory that all these programs require exceeds the amount of physical memory available, the operating system allocates virtual memory to meet the total memory requirements of each program, and then manages the available physical memory to meet the actual memory requirements at each point in time. Therefore, the amount of virtual memory that is allocated can be much greater than the amount of physical memory that is installed in the computer."UNIX iformation"

How windows and UNIX handle each faults?

Operating systems such as Windows and UNIX (and other UNIX-like systems) provide differing mechanisms for reporting errors caused by page faults. Windows uses structured exception handling to report page fault-based invalid accesses as access violation exceptions, and UNIX (and UNIX-like) systems typically use signals, such as SIGSEGV, to report these error conditions to programs. "Page Fault" Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

How windows handle its work sets?

A process can explicitly trim its own working set by calling the SetProcessWorkingSetSize() API while passing "-1" for both the dwMinimumWorkingSetSize and dwMaximumWorkingSetSize parameters. This is essentially how the system trims the process when its top-level window is minimized. This does not mean that the memory pages used by the process are immediately discarded from RAM. In fact, these pages may remain resident for quite a while. They are simply flagged so that the system can use them for other processes as necessary. This is significantly faster than waiting on the system's standard trimming algorithm.
When a window is minimized through the Minimize command from its System menu or the Minimize button, the window is sent a WM_SYSCOMMAND message with the SC_MINIMIZE command. If the window procedure passes this message on to the system's default window procedure by calling DefWindowProc(), the default procedure will handle the message by calling ShowWindow() with the SW_MINIMIZE command. As stated earlier, this will cause the process working set to be trimmed."microsoft help and support"

How UNIX handle its working sets?

How Windows handle page size?

Windows automatically sets the size of the page file to start at 1.5× the size of physical memory, and expand up to 3× physical memory if necessary. If a user runs memory-intensive applications on a system with low physical memory, it is preferable to manually set these sizes to a value higher than default. "Paging in Windows " wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

How UNIX handle page size?

Operating systems such as Windows and UNIX (and other UNIX-like systems) provide differing mechanisms for reporting errors caused by page faults. Windows uses structured exception handling to report page fault-based invalid accesses as access violation exceptions, and UNIX (and UNIX-like) systems typically use signals, such as SIGSEGV, to report these error conditions to programs.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Why are regoinal bank are might decide to buy a six server computers instead of onesurpercomputer?

Server

A computer or device on a network that manages network resources. For example, a file server is a computer and storage device dedicated to storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server. A print server is a computer that manages one or more printers, and a network server is a computer that manages network traffic. A database server is a computer system that processes database queries. Servers are often dedicated, meaning that they perform no other tasks besides their server tasks. On multiprocessing operating systems, however, a single computer can execute several programs at once. A server in this case could refer to the program that is managing resources rather than the entire computer.

Six Server Computer wereable to:
- Emphasis on inherent security requirements.
- Responsible for the integrity, availability, and confidentiality of all data.

Operating System

Operating system

An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. An operating system processes system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. At the foundation of all system software, an operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating networking and managing file systems. Most operating systems come with an application that provides a user interface for managing the operating system, such as a command line interpreter or graphical user interface. The operating system forms a platform for other system software and for application software.

Personal Evaluation

It is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. it makes sure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system.